Reference Models
An architectural model is a common frame of reference for
explaining Internet communications and developing communication
protocols. It separates the functions of protocols into manageable
layers. Each layer performs a specific function in the process of
communicating over a network.
The TCP/IP model was created by researchers in the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). The TCP/IP suite of protocols is the dominant standard for transporting data across networks and the Internet. It consists of layers that perform functions necessary to prepare data for transmission over a network. The chart shows the four layers of the TCP/IP model.
A message begins at the top application layer and moves down the TCP/IP layers to the bottom network access layer. Header information is added to the message as it moves down through each layer and is then transmitted. After reaching the destination, the message travels back up through each layer. The header information that was added to the message is stripped away as the message moves up through the layers toward its destination.
Application Layer Protocols
Application layer protocols provide network services to user applications, such as web browsers and email programs. Common protocols that operate at the application layer include HTTP, Telnet, FTP, SMTP, DNS, and HTML.
Transport Layer Protocols
Transport layer protocols provide end-to-end management of the data. One of the functions of these protocols is to divide the data into manageable segments for easier transport across the network. Common protocols that operate at the transport layer include TCP and UDP.
Internet Layer Protocols
Internet layer protocols provide connectivity between hosts in the network. Common protocols that operate at the Internet layer include IP and ICMP.
Network Access Layer Protocols
Network access layer protocols describe the standards that hosts use to access the physical media. The IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standards and technologies, such as CSMA/CD and 10BASE-T, are defined in this layer.
The TCP/IP model was created by researchers in the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). The TCP/IP suite of protocols is the dominant standard for transporting data across networks and the Internet. It consists of layers that perform functions necessary to prepare data for transmission over a network. The chart shows the four layers of the TCP/IP model.
A message begins at the top application layer and moves down the TCP/IP layers to the bottom network access layer. Header information is added to the message as it moves down through each layer and is then transmitted. After reaching the destination, the message travels back up through each layer. The header information that was added to the message is stripped away as the message moves up through the layers toward its destination.
Application Layer Protocols
Application layer protocols provide network services to user applications, such as web browsers and email programs. Common protocols that operate at the application layer include HTTP, Telnet, FTP, SMTP, DNS, and HTML.
Transport Layer Protocols
Transport layer protocols provide end-to-end management of the data. One of the functions of these protocols is to divide the data into manageable segments for easier transport across the network. Common protocols that operate at the transport layer include TCP and UDP.
Internet Layer Protocols
Internet layer protocols provide connectivity between hosts in the network. Common protocols that operate at the Internet layer include IP and ICMP.
Network Access Layer Protocols
Network access layer protocols describe the standards that hosts use to access the physical media. The IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standards and technologies, such as CSMA/CD and 10BASE-T, are defined in this layer.
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